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Antiochus of Ascalon
Antiochus of Ascalon (; ; c. 125 – c. 68 BC)〔Tiziano Dorandi, ''Chapter 2: Chronology'', in Algra et al. (1999) ''The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy'', page 49. Cambridge.〕 was an Academic philosopher. He was a pupil of Philo of Larissa at the Academy, but he diverged from the Academic skepticism of Philo and his predecessors. He was a teacher of Cicero, and the first of a new breed of eclectics among the Platonists; he endeavoured to bring the doctrines of the Stoics and the Peripatetics into Platonism, and stated, in opposition to Philo, that the mind could distinguish true from false. In doing so, he claimed to be reviving the doctrines of the Old Academy. With him began the phase of philosophy known as Middle Platonism.
==Life==
He was born in Ashkelon. He was a friend of Lucullus (the antagonist of Mithridates) and the teacher of Cicero during his studies at Athens (79 BC); but he had a school at Alexandria also, as well as in Syria, where he seems to have died.〔Plutarch, ''Cicero'', c. 4; ''Lucullus'', c. 4; Cicero, ''Academica'', ii. 19.〕 He was a philosopher of considerable reputation in his time, for Strabo in describing Ascalon, mentions his birth there as a mark of distinction for the city,〔Strabo, xiv.〕 and Cicero frequently speaks of him in affectionate and respectful terms as the best and wisest of the Academics, and the most polished and acute philosopher of his age.〔Cicero, ''Academica'', ii. 35; ''Brutus'', 91.〕
He studied under the Stoic Mnesarchus, but his principal teacher was Philo, who succeeded Clitomachus as the head (''scholarch'') of the Academy. He is, however, better known as the adversary than the disciple of Philo; and Cicero mentions a treatise called ''Sosus'',〔Cicero, ''Academica'', iv. 4.〕 written by him against his master, in which he refutes the scepticism of the Academics. Another of his works, called ''Canonica'', is quoted by Sextus Empiricus, and appears to have been a treatise on logic.〔Sextus Empiricus, vii. 201.〕
Antiochus was called the founder of the "fifth Academy," in the same way that Philo was called the founder of the fourth. This split occurred just before the First Mithridatic War began in 88 BC which would lead to the destruction of the Academy in 86 BC. During this time, Antiochus was resident in Alexandria. He had returned to Athens by the time Cicero studied there in 79 BC, and he seems to have died around 68 BC.
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